Concrete- An artificial stone-like material used for various structural purposes. It is made by mixing cement and various aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc., with water and allowing the mixture to harden by hydration.
Here are just a few facts to help convince you that the topic of concrete deserves to become a part of your science curriculum:
| Concrete is everywhere!! Roads, sidewalks, houses, bridges, skyscrapers, pipes, dams, canals, missile silos, and nuclear waste containment. There are even concrete canoes and Frisbee competitions. | |
| It is strong, inexpensive, plentiful, and easy to make. But more importantly, it's versatile. It can be molded to just about any shape. | |
| Concrete is friendly to the environment. It's virtually all natural. It's recyclable. | |
| It is the most frequently used material in construction. | |
| Slightly more than a ton of concrete is produced every year for each person on the planet, approximately 6 billion tons per year. | |
| By weight, one-half to two-thirds of our infrastructures are made of concrete such as: roads, bridges, buildings, airports, sewers, canals, dams, and subways. | |
| Approximately 60% of our concrete highways need repair and 40% of our concrete highway bridges are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. | |
| Large cities lose up to 30% of their daily water supply due to leaks in concrete water pipes. | |
| It has been estimated that the necessary repairs and improvements to our infrastructures will cost $3.3 trillion over a nineteen-year period. $1 trillion of that is needed for repairing the nation's concrete. | |
| Cement has been around for at least 12 million years and has played an important role in history. |
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| roads | sidewalks | houses |
|---|---|---|
| bricks/blocks | bridges | walls |
| beams | foundations | floors |
| sewer pipes | water mains | computer chip backing ** |
| canals | missile silos | containment of nuclear waste |
| dams | churches | automobile brake lining ** |
| caskets | monuments | solidification of hazardous wastes |
| tombs | indoor furniture | garden ornaments |
| swimming pools | airport runways | sailing boats |
| canoes | barges | subways |
| tunnels | parking garages | patio bricks |
| holding tanks | cement "overshoes" | sculptures |
| flower pots & planters | chimneys | mantels |
| ballast | bath tubs | grave vaults |
| bank vaults | basements | lamp posts |
| telephone poles | electric light poles | Frisbees |
| headstones | steps | fence posts |
| business/credit cards ** | fertilizer | bone replacement ** |
| insulating tiles/bricks | corn silos | park benches |
| parking stones | roof tiles | water troughs |
| water tanks | curb & gutters | nuclear reactor containment structures |
| artificial rocks | office buildings | parking lots |
| railroad ties | airports | monorails |
| picnic tables | swimming pools | break waters |
| wharves & piers | bird baths | barbecue pits |
| stadium seats | fountains | lunar bases ** |